1. F.W. McFarlan and R.L. Nolan, “How to Manage an IT Outsourcing Alliance,” Sloan Management Review 36, no. 2 (winter 1995): 9-23.

2. M.C. Lacity, L.P. Willcocks, and D.F. Feeny, “IT Outsourcing: Maximize Flexibility and Control,” Harvard Business Review 73, no. 3 (May-June 1995): 84-93.

3.N. Levina and N. Su, “Global Multisourcing Strategy: The Emergence of a Supplier Portfolio in Services Offshoring,” Decision Sciences 39, no. 3 (August 2008): 541-570.

4. D. Brown and P. Fersht, “Executive Report: The State of Services and Outsourcing in 2014,” September 2014, www.kpmg-institutes.com.

5. D. Fogarty and P.C. Bell, “Should You Outsource Analytics?” MIT Sloan Management Review 55, no. 2 (winter 2014): 41-45.

6. C.M. Christensen, “The Innovator’s Dilemma: When New Technologies Cause Great Firms to Fail” (Boston, Massachusetts: Harvard Business School Press, 1997).

7. N. Su and N. Levina, “Global Multisourcing Strategy: Integrating Learning From Manufacturing Into IT Service Outsourcing,” IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management 58, no. 4 (November 2011): 717-729.

8. P. Betancourt, J.G. Mooney, and J.W. Ross, “Digital Innovation at Toyota Motor North America: Revamping the Role of IT,” working paper 403, MIT Sloan School of Management Center for Information Systems Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, October 2015, http://cisr.mit.edu.

9. Management scholars Martin Wiener and Carol Saunders found that in offshore IT outsourcing, some companies could rely on three strategic partners. See M. Wiener and C. Saunders, “Forced Coopetition in IT Multi-Sourcing,” Journal of Strategic Information Systems 23, no. 3 (September 2014): 210-225.

10. P. Weill and J. Ross, “IT Governance: How Top Performers Manage IT Decision Rights for Superior Results” (Boston, Massachusetts: Harvard Business Review Press, 2004).

11. As this article was going to press in October 2015, Dell Inc. agreed to acquire EMC Corp. See, for example, B. Womack and D. Bass, “Dell to Buy EMC in Deal Worth About $67 Billion,” Bloomberg Business, October 12, 2015, www.bloomberg.com.

12. Su and Levina, “Global Multisourcing Strategy.”

13. Su and Levina, “Global Multisourcing Strategy”; and L. Cohen and A. Young, “Multisourcing: Moving Beyond Outsourcing to Achieve Growth and Agility” (Boston, Massachusetts: Harvard Business School Press, 2006).

14. H. Chesbrough, “Why Companies Should Have Open Business Models,” MIT Sloan Management Review 48, no. 2 (winter 2007): 22-28.

15. S. Kaplan and W. Orlikowski, “Beyond Forecasting: Creating New Strategic Narratives,” MIT Sloan Management Review 56, no. 1 (fall 2014): 23-28.